TK8: BODY BIOCHEMICAL 5 TEST KIT
Prostaglandins:
Michael W. Davidson of the Florida State University:
"Prostaglandins act in a manner similar to that of hormones, by stimulating target cells into action.
However, they differ from hormones in that they act locally, near their site of synthesis, and they are metabolized very rapidly.
Another unusual feature is that the same prostaglandins act differently in different tissues."
Glycolysis:
"A series of chemical reactions in the cytosol of the cell in which a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid2 and two ATP’s molecules
(the energy currency of living cells, storing and transferring energy produced in metabolic processes)"
Code
Name
Type
Location and Role
Comments
BB 101
Aldolase
Enzyme
Involved in 4th step in process of glycolysis.
BB 102
CART/
Cocaine- and
Amphetamine
Related Transcript
Neuropeptide
Modulates the action of leptin and neuropeptide Y and so reduces appetite;
cocaine and amphetamines stimulate its production.
BB 103
Elastase
Digestive
Enzyme
Pancreas, activated from proelastase by trypsin;
turns peptides into proteins.
BB 104
Enolase
Enzyme
Involved in 9th step in process of glycolysis.
BB 105
Galanin
Neuropeptide
Inhibits release of acetylcholine and glutamic acid;
decreases excitability of spinal neurons;
stimulates the appetite.
May be involved in Alzheimer’s disease.
BB 106
Ghrelin
Hormone
Increases appetite;
may be a hormonal link between stomach, hypothalamus and pituitary and so regulate energy balance;
regulates growth hormone secretions;
may signal to the hypothalamus when an increase in metabolic efficiency is necessary
Blood levels are elevated in anorexics and return to normal after partial weight recovery.
BB 107
Glyceraldehyde-3-
Phosphate
Dehydrogenase
Enzyme
Involved in 6th step in process of glycolysis.
BB 108
Hexocinase
Enzyme
Involved in 1st step in process of glycolysis.
BB 109
Melatonin
Hormone
Secreted by pineal gland;
may inhibit reproductive activities and promote sleep; regulation of body’s biological clock.
BB 110
Neuromedin B
Neuropeptide
Present in the central nervous system and gastro-intestinal tract;
binds to corticotropin releasing factor receptors;
involved in smooth muscle contraction, blood pressure, blood glucose, body temperature and cell growth;
suppresses the appetite.
BB 111
2-Phenylethylamine/
Pea/
Β-Phenethylamine
Neuro-Hormone
Chemical which plays a critical role in the limbic system known to give a feeling of bliss.
60% of depressed patients have a PEA deficit;
a natural ingredient in chocolate;
MAOI anti-depressants increase concentrations of this in the brain.
BB 112
Phosphoglucose
Isomerase
Enzyme
Involved in 2nd step in process of glycolysis.
BB 113
Phospho-
Fructokinase
Enzyme
Involved in 3rd step in process of glycolysis
BB 114
Prostaglandin A1/
PGA1
Relaxes the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, acting as powerful vasodilators and so lowering blood pressure.
May protect against peptic ulcers.
BB 115
Prostaglandin D2/
PGD2
Stimulates inflammation.
BB 116
Prostaglandin E1/
PGE1
Dilates blood vessels and so reduces blood pressure
Seems to be elevated in manic-depressive disorders;
used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction in men.
BB 117
Prostaglandin E2/
PGE2
Promotes platelet adhesiveness;
promotes sodium retention; promotes inflammation; widens airways;
stimulates contraction of uterus; protects against peptic ulcers;
acts on adenylate cyclase to enhance the production of cyclic AMP.
Used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction in men
BB 118
Prostaglandin F2/
PGF2
Stimulates contraction of uterus;
narrows airways.
BB 119
Prostaglandin I2/
PGI2
Reduces platelet stickiness.
Women who develop pre-eclampsia have low levels of this.
BB 120
Purine
Used in the process producing proteins;
converts the energy produced by the oxidation of food molecules to a form which the cell can use to satisfy its energy needs;
involved in nerve conduction and muscle contraction;
rids cells of excess nitrogen; protects the cell from cancer-causing agents
Increased levels raise the levels of uric acid in the blood and cause gout.
BB 121
Pyruvate
Kinase
Enzyme
Involved in 10th step in process of glycolysis.
BB 122
Serine
Amino Acid
Can be made in human body from glycine;
used to make substances such as choline, phospholids, phosphotidylserine;
present in all cell membranes;
plays a key role in membrane stability
BB 123
Triosephosphate
Isomerase
Enzyme
Involved in 5th step in process of glycolysis.
BB 124
Uric Acid
Waste product of the breakdown of nucleic acid in cells;
formed primarily in the liver and excreted by the kidney into the urine.
Over-production leads to uric acid crystal deposits in the joints (gout);
low levels in people with multiple sclerosis;
high levels in metabolic syndrome.
BB 125
Urocortin
Neuropeptide
Inhibits appetite
References:
Linda Lazarides Nutritional Health Bible
British Medical Association the BMA Complete Family Health Encyclopedia
Gerard Tortora and Sandra Reynolds Grabowski Principles of Anatomy & Physiology